When Small Means Big: The Impact of Nanotechnology

A revolution in science and technology, which leave behind signifi evicttly impact our daily lives, is looming in the horizon. The scientific community is at one time excited by falsifys that could be brought about by the multidisciplinary discipline of nanoscience and na nonechnology, which is comprehensively defined asresearch and technology discipline at the nuclear, molecular, or macromolecular levels, in the length of approximately 1 cytosine nm range, to earmark a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale, and to create and use structures, devices, and systems that charter novel properties and functions because of their small size. The novel and differentiating properties and functions ar developed at a critical length scale of matter typically under 100 nm.Nanotechnology research and development includes integration of nanoscale structure into larger material components, systems, and architectures. at heart these larger scale assemblies, the obligate and construction of their structures and component devices remain at the nanoscale. (National Research Council 2002, cited in Dreher 2004).Although technically encompassing any device beat at least 1,000 nanometersa nanometer (from Greek nano, meaning dwarf) is megth of a meter (The violet fri prohibitship & The majestic academy of engine room 2004)much of the work creation done takely focuses on materials small than 100 nm (Gupta et al 2003) since it is at this level that materials exhibit un roughhewn physical and chemical properties that rat be harvested to convey purifyments to engineered materials (i.e. enhanced magnetised properties, better electrical and optical activity, and superior structural integrity) (Thomas & Sayre 2005).Ralph Merkle, as cited by Gupta et al (2003), noted that atomic configuration, to an extent, determines physical and chemical characteristics of materials, using as examples carbon in diamond, or silica from sand. From this per spective, the manufacturing techniques we be using directly appear crude since we atomic number 18 moving molecules by heaps and mounds, and, therefore, atomic number 18 manufacturing devices that could still be improved for accuracy and precision (Gupta et al 2003). Nanotechnology, match to Gupta et al, aims to explore and exploit the misadventure of designing at the molecular and atomic levels, and producing a generation of novel products that boast of greater strength, lighter tip and better precision (2003).Technically nanotechnology is not something new. orb (2003) notes that nanoscale devices have been, and are presently being, utilized by organisms in their daily functioning. He cites, for instance, the proteins that serve as motors to flagella of motile bacteria, as readers and interpreters of the genetic code, or as miniature solar panels in plants that gather sunlight for photosynthesis (Ball 2003). The possibility of harnessing this potential within the surroun d and put them to practical use has been floated in the scientific community as early as the 1940s, when von Neumann forwarded the idea of manufacturing systems or machines that are overt of self-replication, which could potentially lower production costs (Gupta et al 2003).Richard Feynman in 1959, in an address to the American Physical auberge entitled There Is slew of Room at the Bottom, advanced the possibility that, similar to what we are doing at the macroscopic scale, we could maneuver atoms to where we want them to be, and produce materials that would solve the line of manufacture and reproduction (Buxton et al 2003 Gupta P et al 2003). In 1986, K Eric Drexler provided a picture of nanotechnological use in the future in his throw Engines of Creation, where compassionates are utilizing self-replicating nanoscale robots in daily life processes (Ball 2003).The move from the order of payment board to actual application, however, has been very recentas separated by the rel atively few nanotechnology productsfuelled by theoretical and laboratory progress which showed that, indeed, systems can be built from molecules and atoms maneuvered at the microscopic scale (Gupta et al 2003). LOreal recently introduced in the market sun creams that contain nano-sized grains of titanium dioxide, which absorbs ultraviolet light light, but without the smeared chalk appearance of regular creams (Ball 2003). This same technology, according to Ball (2003) was taken a step further when it was found that titanium dioxide particles function reactive when exposed to ultraviolet light, leading to the development of self-cleaning tiles and glasstitanium-coated tiles and glasses that use the suns energy to burn up diddly-squat stuck to their surfaces. In the filed of medicine, nanotechnology is currently being utilized with state-of-the-art technology to battle genetic diseases (Dunkley 2004).In addition to these, researches are currently undergoing, exploring the various possible applications of nanotechnology in various fields. For instance, in the medical sciences, the development of nanorobots could aid in precise, and rapid, cellular repair and regeneration, delivery of drugs at the site where it is needed, destruction of cancerous cells, or unblocking of clogged blood vessels (Dunkley 2004). The capacity to detect disease finished garbleations in body chemistry or physiology is similarly a possibility through nanotubes or nanowires coated with detector molecules (Buxton et al 2003). Molecular imaging, according to Buxton et al (2003) ordain also provide us with a view of the gay body beyond gross anatomic structures, since this would utilize molecules that would home to tissues touch by specific disease processes. Environmental problems we face today, such as air pollution or oil spills, could be remedied through nanorobots designed to clean these toxic elements from the air we breath or the water we toast (Dunkley 2004).The material sci ences will also significantly benefit from nanotechnology, with the promise of development of stronger and lighter plastics, computers with faster processors and increased memory storage, ion storage for batteries (which will improve performance), quick-charging battery cars, and fuel cells for motor-driven devices that are environment-friendly and energy efficient (Gupta et al 2003). by chance a bit too far in the future, Dunkley even before the idea that it might be possible, with nanorobots moving atoms and molecules, for us to create common and everyday things from our own backyard, moving manufacturing to the domain of the household with a barrowful and a shovel (2004).Because of the great promise held by nanotechnology, governments worldwide are investing in nanoresearch, to further refine our understanding of this small world. world-wide investment in nanotechnology has been estimated to be 5 billion, according to the regal familiarity and the imperial academy of Engi neering (2004). The European Union pledged to put down 1 billion (Ball 2003), whereas Japan allocated $800M in 2003 (The Royal high society & The Royal academy of Engineering 2004). The United States is willing to spend nearly $3.7 billion for nanotechnology from 2005 to 2008, with nearly $500 million allocated for research funding (Dunkley 2004 The Royal edict & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004 Thomas & Sayre 2005).The considerable change nanotechnology can conduce, as well as the huge sums of money governments worldwide are currently spending to make this a reality, has sparked some questions from various sectors on the impact of nanotechnologies, not only to the scientific fields to which it will be applied, but to the society in general. In the biological sciences, for instance, the primary veneration is the possible toxicity exposureand chronic exposure, at thatto nanoparticles can bring about, since these materials have the cogency of interacting with cells and cel lular organelles, and hence, alter body physiology (Ball 2003 The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004).Dreher (2004), and Thomas and Sayre (2005) have recently reviewed the evidence on the health impact of nanotechnology exposure, and found that there is a paucity of evidence to encourage or preclude use of nanotechnologies in earthly concern pending full investigations and detailed evidence supporting or rib the same. Ball (2003) notes that, in the same way as new drugs or devices, nanotechnology must be viewed as a potential health pretend unless proven some otherwise. Large scale production in the future would pack hazard-testing and human exposure assessment, to minimize risks (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004).The significant economic impact of nanotechnologies, according to experts, may not be felt in the short-term, although this must be viewed with caution, since it is wholly unenviable to predict what impact a developing te chnology that has not thus far realized its full potential will have (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004). The differing capacities of developed, developing and underdeveloped countries to participate in the nanotechnology race has also raised concerns that it might intensify the economic open between these nations, leading to what is referred to as a nanodivide (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004). Finally, patenting of nanotechnologywhich is advantageous since it would, though economic incentive, encourage other individuals to contribute to scientific progressmay stifle creativity or innovation when a broad one is granted (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004).Another area of concern is military and plea capability. The development of new devicespervasive sensors, improved clothing and armor, and enhanced breeding and communication exchangecould be viewed both as opportunities and threats, depending on who uses them, and how they are used (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004). still more than this, the Royal Society (2004) cautions that the secrecy coupled with development of technologies for defence mechanism use might fuel public distrust, and heighten the understanding that nanotechnology is being developed primarily, if not entirely, for military ends.Ethical issues pervading the socio-cultural impact of nanotechnologies are also a concern. For instance, development of new nanodevices may cause a significant change in employment patterns, role perception, education patterns, and eventually family life (Dunkley 2004). The end result, still according to Dunkley (2004) would be a shift in our present definition of inequality, poverty, and class, and finally, the way we cons current society in general.If what Dunkley predicted would come true (i.e. manufacturing at our own backyard), then the capacity to produce would be entirely dependent on having the necessary r esources for this production, which brings to fore the concern of concentration of the harvests of nanotechnology in the hands of a few. Although nanomanufacturing could present the solution to hunger and homelessness, the question rest whether it will alter our perception of the material world where we move (Dunkley 2004).The possibility of devices being used to store personal information, although enhancing personal security on the one hand, also raises the possibility of violation of civil liberties, especially when appeal and distribution of the same is made without the consent of the person involved, or entrance money to these information could be limited to the hands of the few who could develop and control personal information databases or systems (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004).Finally, the possibility of radical human enhancement, or the creation of worldly concern in the future, through nanotechnology (in conjunction with biotechnology and i nformation technology), though a remote possibility, still carries with it the burden of resolving whether these creations are really human, and whether they also possess souls like we do (Dunkley 2004). In the same vein, this new capability would radically change, if not totally abolish, our perception of religion and morality (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004). On a lesser plane, the possibility of nanotechnology extending human longevity to hundreds of years will definitely alter our view of aging and death (Dunkley 2004).What, then, lies in store for us in the future with nanotechnology? Actually, no one can tell, since nanotechnology is but a bournewhich, to Melbin is a pattern of sparse settlement in space or timeor what Dunkley (2004) describes as relatively unsettled and a natural state waiting to be discovered. Until such time, therefore, that the full potential of nanotechnology has been realized, or at least understood through research, we may e ndlessly subcontract about how nanotechnology will affect our daily lives and society in general, who will benefit from its, what and capabilities will it provide us. The concerns, however, raised in this paper are valid considerations of the impact the future application of nanotechnologies will have, and this necessitates caution and solicitude on the part of all stakeholders.ReferencesBall P, 2003 (23 Jun), Nanotechnology Sciences Next Frontier or only when a Load of Bull?, New Statesman, vol. 132, no. 4643, pp. 30-31.Buxton DB, Lee SC, Wickline SA, Ferrari M & for the Working host Members, 2003 (02 Dec), Recommendations of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Nanotechnology Working Group, Circulation, vol. 108, pp. 2737-2742.Dreher KL, 2004, Health and environmental impact of nanotechnology toxicological assessment of manufactured nanoparticles, Toxicological Sciences, vol. 77, pp. 35.Dunkley RWS, 2004, Nanotechnology Social Consequences and Future Implications, Fu tures, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1129-1132.Gupta P, Malhotra R, Segal MA & Verhaeren MYFJ, 2003, Recent trends in nanotechnology, in R Gulati, A Paoni & M Sawhney (eds), Kellogg on Technology & Innovation, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp. 261-283.The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004, Nanoscience and nanotechnologies opportunities and uncertainties, The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering, London.Thomas K & Sayre P, 2005, Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, Part I Evaluating the human health implications of exposure to nanoscale materials, Toxicological Sciences, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 316321.